Validation of a lipopeptide approach to a safe-and-sustainable-by-design strategy on TiO2 nanoparticles UV filters

Authors: Elena Cesa, Anna Luisa Costa, Lara Faccani, Dario Fornara, Hulya Yilmaz , Mustafa Culha, Sevin Adiguzel, Gulnur Sener, Nilay Cicek, Tugba Muhlise Okyay, Paola Ziosi, Sébastien Artous, Sébastien Jacquinot, Arantxa Ballesteros, Javier Alcodori, Ivone Pinheiro, Laura Rodriguez-Lorenzo, Begoña Espiña, Anna Baldisserotto, Stefano Manfredini, Silvia Vertuani, Filippo Marchetti

Publication date: 25 August 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2025.138823

Language: English

Abstract:

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are well suited for cosmetics and polymer films because they efficiently absorb UV light while remaining transparent to visible light. Their widespread use requires strategies for managing potential human and environmental risks. Implementing the Safe and Sustainable by Design (SSbD) methodology to advanced chemicals and materials is a major global challenge and a concept that is included in several EU research projects. This study employed a SSbD strategy by functionalizing the surface of TiO2 nanoparticles with a lipopeptide-based biosurfactant (Sodium Surfactin, SS). A colloidal heterocoagulation approach was used to produce SS-modified TiO2 nanoparticles. Different design options (TiO2 source, order of addition, TiO2/SS weight ratio) were investigated, and the properties were compared by measuring the UV filtering capability, photoreactivity, dustiness index, biological and ecotoxicological endpoints. This allowed us to estimate the safety and sustainability profile in agreement with the steps suggested by the JRC SSbD framework. The lipopeptide-based coating was essential for managing UV light-induced photoactivity and significantly lowering both in vitro cytotoxicity and ecotoxicity while simultaneously enhancing photostability when applied in cosmetic formulations. These results demonstrate that a colloidal process, which can be easily scaled up for industrial purposes, is a promising and exploitable SSbD strategy for the design and implementation of TiO2 NPs based UV filters.

Keywords: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles, Surfactin, Safe-and-sustainable-by-design, Self-assembling, Multi-techniques characterization, Phototoxicity, Free radical, Biosurfactant